My book on Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States (Oxford University Press 2019) examines why ethnic movements are more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others. The book's theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or non-violent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent inter-group conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethno-classes. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked sub-societies that feature distinct socio-economic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict.